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G-4177 Gemcitabine, Hydrochloride Salt, >99%       Prices Reduced (June 2013)

Synonyms:  [dFdC] [dFdCyd] [LY-188011] [LY 188011] [LY188011]
Related Terms:  [Gamcitabine] [Gemcitera] [Gemsar] [Gemzar] [Zefei]

M.W. 299.66

C9H11F2N3O4•HCl

[122111-03-9]

M.I. 14:  4386

Storage:  Store at or below -20 ºC.  Solubility:  Soluble in DMSO at 12.5 mg/mL with slight warming; very poorly soluble in ethanol; soluble in water at 25 mg/mL with slight warming; buffers, serum, or other additives may increase or decrease the aqueous solubility.  Disposal:  A

Find and View a Certificate of Analysis for this product

View the MSDS for this product

• Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog of deoxycytidine used as chemotherapy to treat patients with various types of cancer.

• After passage through the cell membrane via nucleoside transporters, gemcitabine undergoes complex intracellular conversion to gemcitabine diphosphate (dFdCDP) and triphosphate (dFdCTP).  dFdCTP inhibits DNA polymerase by competing with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP).  dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleoside reductase and DNA synthesis by causing depletion of deoxyribonucleotide pools, and thus potentiating the effects of dFdCTP.  Gemcitabine can be inactivated to 2,2'-difluorodeoxyuridine, mainly by deoxycytidine deaminase.  Also, 5'-nucleotidase catalyses the conversion of nucleotides to nucleosides and inhibits nucleoside kinases.  Mini, E., et al.  "Cellular pharmacology of gemcitabine."  Ann. Oncol. 17:  v7-v12 (2006).

• Gemcitabine remains the current standard of care for pancreatic cancer as a single agent.  Combinations with biological agents or other chemotherapeutic drugs (including capecitabine, platinum compounds, erlotinib, and monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and bevacizumab) have shown limited improvement.  Cartwright, T., et al.  "Cancer of the pancreas: are we making progress? A review of studies in the US Oncology Research Network."  Cancer Control 15:  308-313 (2008).

• Gemcitabine inhibited DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner in human lymphoblastoid CEM cells.  The apparent Ki values of gemcitabine triphosphate (dFdCTP) were 11.2 µM for DNA polymerase α and 14.4 µM for polymerase ε.  Huang, P., et al.  "Action of 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine on DNA synthesis."  Cancer Res. 51:  6110-6117 (1991).

• Gemcitabine inhibited DNA synthesis.  However, the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine on proliferating cells was not specific for cells initially in S phase.  The kinetics of cell recycling from a first gemcitabine treatment have a strong effect on the outcome of a second treatment with either gemcitabine itself or cisplatin.  Cappella, P., et al.  "Cell cycle effects of gemcitabine."  Int. J. Cancer 93:  401-408 (2001).

• Gemcitabine increases DNA ligase I levels severalfold in different types of tumor cell lines, including MiaPaCa, NGP and SK-N-BE.  However, DNA ligases III and IV either remained unchanged or decreased with treatment.  Sun, D., et al.  "Enhancement of DNA ligase I level by gemcitabine in human cancer cells."  Clin. Cancer Res. 8:  1189-1195 (2002).

• Gemcitabine Hydrochloride is the active ingredient in drug products sold under numerous trade names listed near the top of this page as "Related Terms".  These drug products have been approved in at least one country to be used alone or in combination with other medicines to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and cancer of the pancreas.  NOTE:  THE GEMCITABINE HYDROCHLORIDE RESEARCH COMPOUND SOLD BY LC LABORATORIES IS NOT ANY OF THE GEMCITABINE-CONTAINING DRUG PRODUCTS SOLD UNDER VARIOUS TRADE NAMES AND IS NOT FOR HUMAN USE.

• Our gemcitabine product is the hydrochloride salt, whose CAS number is given above.  The CAS number of the free base is 95058-81-4.

• Sold for laboratory or manufacturing purposes only; not for human, medical, veterinary, food, or household use.

• This product is offered for R&D use in accordance with (i) 35 USC 271(e)+A13(1) in the U.S.; (ii) Section 69.1 of Japanese Patent Law in Japan; (iii) Section 11, No. 2 of the German Patent Act of 1981 in Germany; (iv) Section 60, Paragraph 5b of the U.K. Patents Act of 1977 in the U.K.; (v) Sections 55.2(1) and 55.2(6) and other common law exemptions of Canadian patent law; (vi) Section 68B of the Patents Act of 1953 in New Zealand together with the amendment of same by the Statutes Amendment Bill of 2002; (vii) such related legislation and/or case law as may be or become applicable in the aforementioned countries; and (viii) such similar laws and rules as may apply in various other countries.

• Not available in some countries; not available to some institutions; not available for some uses.

** Our prices are lower than other vendors', but there is no compromise in quality.  Read how we are able to accomplish this:  Product Quality Discussion.

NOTES:
1.  The purpose of our competitor price comparison tables is to enable our visitors to compare the prices and purities of products of nominally equivalent quality, for vendors whose price and purity claims are openly available from a website or catalog (without a need for the customer to contact the vendor and request a quotation in order to obtain a price and purity for a standard product size).  However, the quality comparisons in these tables are not absolute:  although our product purities are uniformly very high and are established by careful testing of every lot in our laboratories, we cannot and do not vouch for the purities claimed by other vendors in these competitor price comparison tables.  (We do carry out occasional testing of other vendors' products -- see below --  and we have found many instances where vendors' product purities are far below their claimed levels.)  Effective April 1, 2011, our price comparison tables only include products where a purity commitment is found together with sizes and prices on at least one page of the vendor's web site.

2.  Researching and compiling sizes and prices for the >160 competitive vendors and more than 175 products is an expensive and tedious task for our small company.  Thus, we typically only perform revisions of these tables annually or less frequently.  The date and source of each competitive vendor's prices is indicated at the bottom of this page.  Obviously, we make no guarantee that competitive vendor prices will remain unchanged in the interval between our annual revisions.  We may occasionally update individual competitive vendor information and add new competitive vendors as we locate them.

3.  In some circumstances we permanently remove vendors from our price comparison tables.  Circumstances that lead to permanent removal are: 

A.  If a vendor does not honor its advertised price (ignoring small price increases) for one or more products when an order is attempted.  Example:  a vendor listed a compound at $808 for 10 grams on its website price list, but quoted $4,500 per 10 grams upon our inquiry.  That vendor has been permanently removed from our price comparison tables.

B.  If, on a product-by-product basis, our analyses of a vendor's product show purities more than a few percent below the vendor's advertised purities.  Example:  a vendor advertises a purity for 97% for a compound, but repeated elemental analyses show a minimum of 9% inorganic material present, beyond any salt counterion.  Another example: an HPLC analysis at a relevant UV detector wavelength shows 92% purity for a vendor's product for which 98% purity is claimed.  We realize of course that UV absorbances for impurities can be higher than for the main compound, but our products meet our purity commitment of typically >99% irrespective of absorbance factors for impurities, and we apply that standard to products from other vendors.

C.  Again on a product-by-product basis, if a vendor makes no purity claim for a given product, then their product is not shown on that product table.

D.  If we find that, as a pattern, several of a competitive vendor's products fail to meet their advertised purity commitments by significant margins or if a vendor does not provide standard and consistent purity claims for several of its products, then that vendor is permanently removed from all of our competitor price tables.

E.  Finally, if we determine that a vendor has provided fraudulent information on its website, in its literature or on a certificate of analysis, that vendor is permanently removed from all of our price comparison tables.

4.  IMPORTANT:  The presence of a competitive vendor entry in our price comparison tables does not necessarily mean that we have analyzed any of that vendor's products for purity; indeed, in most cases we have not.

5.  Please note:  where necessary, competitor prices are rounded to the nearest whole dollar.

To the best of our knowledge, the prices listed above for our competitors' products were correct as of the dates listed below for the sources of our annual price information update process.

Pricing Sources and Dates:  LC Labs - Current, Sigma-Aldrich - website - Jun 2013, Enzo Life Sciences - website - Jan 2013, Tocris Bioscience - website - Jan 2013, AG Scientific - website - Jan 2013, Axxora - website - Jan 2013, Apollo Scientific - website - May 2013, LKT Labs - website - May 2013, Lancrix Chemicals - website - May 2013, Santa Cruz Biotech - website - Jan 2013, US Biological - website - Mar 2013, BioVision - website - Jan 2013, Key Organics - website - May 2013, BePharm - website - May 2013, R&D Systems - website - Jan 2013, AK Scientific - website - Mar 2013, TCI - website - Jan 2013, Cambridge BioScience - website - May 2013, BroadPharm - website - May 2013, Carbone Scientific - website - Jan 2013, Oakwood Products - website - Jan 2013, AstaTech - website - Jan 2013, TCASChem Tech - website - Apr 2013, antibodies-online - website - Jan 2013, biorbyt.com - website - Jan 2013, ChemReagents.com - website - Jan 2013, P212121 - website - Oct 2012, Stru Chem - website - Jan 2013, AOKBIO - website - May 2013, AbMole BioScience - website - May 2013, MedKoo BioSciences - website - Apr 2013, Ark Pharm - website - Dec 2012, Medchem Express - website - Jun 2013, AdooQ BioScience - website - Jan 2013, Krackeler Scientific - website - Jan 2013, ChemScene - website - Jan 2013.