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A-1098 AICAR, Free Base, >99%      NEW!

Synonyms:  [Acadesine] [AICA-riboside] [AIC-Riboside] [5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside] [GP 1-110] [Z-Riboside] [GP-1-110] [GP1-110] [NSC-105823] [NSC 105823] [NSC105823]
Related Terms:  [Arasine] [Protara]

M.W. 258.23

C9H14N4O5

[2627-69-2]

M.I. 14:  2752

Storage:  Store at or below -20 ºC.  Solubility:  Soluble in DMSO at 40 mg/mL; soluble in ethanol at 2 mg/mL with warming; soluble in water at 20 mg/mL with warming; buffers, serum, or other additives may increase or decrease the aqueous solubility.  Disposal:  A

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View the MSDS for this product

• AICAR, also known as acadesine, is an adenosine regulating agent and AMPK activator.

• Treatment with AICAR before and during coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients reduced early cardiac death, perioperative myocardial infarction, and combined adverse cardiovascular outcomes.  Mangano, D.T.  "Effects of acadesine on myocardial infarction, stroke, and death following surgery.  A meta-analysis of the 5 international randomized trials.  The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group."  J.A.M.A. 277:  325-332 (1997).

• Perfusion of rat hindlimbs with medium containing AICAR was found to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle, inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase, reduce malonyl-CoA, and increase fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake.  Merrill, G.F., et al.  "AICA riboside increases AMP-activated protein kinase, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose uptake in rat muscle."  Am. J. Physiol. 273:  E1107-E1112 (1997).

• After 45 minutes of blocking of a side branch of the left coronary artery in the dog, the ischemic area was reperfused for 3 hours and needle biopsies were taken for biochemical analysis.  Adenine nucleotide de novo synthesis was shown to be very slow and it was doubled after ischemia.  Adenine nucleotide synthesis was improved 5-fold by ribose (the basic substrate of the adenine nucleotide de novo synthesis), 9-fold by AICAR (an intermediate of the adenine nucleotide de novo synthesis), and 90-fold by adenosine (a substrate of the nucleotide salvage pathway).  Mauser, M., et al.  "Influence of ribose, adenosine, and "AICAR" on the rate of myocardial adenosine triphosphate synthesis during reperfusion after coronary artery occlusion in the dog."  Circ. Res. 56:  220-230 (1985).

• AICAR increased glucose uptake and the translocation of the glucose transporter likely by activating AMPK.  Bergeron, R., et al.  "Effect of AMPK activation on muscle glucose metabolism in conscious rats."  Am. J. Physiol. 276:  E938-E944 (1999).

• Acute AICAR treatment inhibited hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation and activation, and had similar antilipolytic effects on both visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes.  Anthony, N.M., et al.  "Regulation of visceral and subcutaneous adipocyte lipolysis by acute AICAR-induced AMPK activation."  Obesity 17:  1312-1317 (2009).

• The effects of AICAR on insulin action were determined in insulin-resistant high-fat-fed rats.  AICAR enhanced the glucose infusion rate during the clamp.  Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was improved by AICAR in white but not in red quadriceps, whereas glycogen synthesis was improved by AICAR in both red and white quadriceps.  AICAR increased insulin suppressibility of hepatic glucose output.  Thus, AICAR or similar compounds may have potential in treating insulin-resistant states and type 2 diabetes.  Iglesias, M.A., et al.  "AICAR administration causes an apparent enhancement of muscle and liver insulin action in insulin-resistant high-fat-fed rats."  Diabetes 51:  2886-2894 (2002).

• AICAR was found to be a proficient cytotoxic agent in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.  The mechanisms of its anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect appeared to be through activation of p38-MAPK pathway, enhanced expression of cell cycle inhibitory proteins p27 and p53, and downstream effects on the mTOR pathway.  Sengupta, T.K., et al.  "Cytotoxic effect of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) on childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells:  implication for targeted therapy."  Mol. Cancer 6:  46 (2007).

• NOMENCLATURE:  The names "AICAR" and "Acadesine" have been used by various vendors in conflicting ways, to describe either the non-phosphorylated compound or the 5'-phosphorylated compound.  Our AICAR product is the non-phosphorylated compound, and we have chosen to use "AICAR" as our product name because that name has become the more widely used of the two names for the unphosphorylated compound.

• AICAR was the active ingredient in drug formulations apparently prepared for human clinical trials and referred to under the trade names Arasine® and Protara®.  NOTE:  THE AICAR, FREE BASE RESEARCH COMPOUND SOLD BY LC LABORATORIES IS NOT ARASINE® NOR PROTARA®, AND IS NOT FOR HUMAN USE.

• Sold for laboratory or manufacturing purposes only; not for human, veterinary, food, or household use.

• This product is offered for R&D use in accordance with (i) 35 USC 271(e)+A13(1) in the U.S.; (ii) Section 69.1 of Japanese Patent Law in Japan; (iii) Section 11, No. 2 of the German Patent Act of 1981 in Germany; (iv) Section 60, Paragraph 5b of the U.K. Patents Act of 1977 in the U.K.; (v) Sections 55.2(1) and 55.2(6) and other common law exemptions of Canadian patent law; (vi) Section 68B of the Patents Act of 1953 in New Zealand together with the amendment of same by the Statutes Amendment Bill of 2002; (vii) such related legislation and/or case law as may be or become applicable in the aforementioned countries; and (viii) such similar laws and rules as may apply in various other countries.

• Not available in some countries; not available to some institutions; not available for some uses.

** Our prices are lower than other vendors', but there is no compromise in quality.  Read how we are able to accomplish this:  Product Quality Discussion.

NOTES:
1.  The purpose of our competitor price comparison tables is to enable our visitors to compare the prices and purities of products of nominally equivalent quality, for vendors whose price and purity claims are openly available from a website or catalog (without a need for the customer to contact the vendor and request a quotation in order to obtain a price and purity for a standard product size).  However, the quality comparisons in these tables are not absolute:  although our product purities are uniformly very high and are established by careful testing of every lot in our laboratories, we cannot and do not vouch for the purities claimed by other vendors in these competitor price comparison tables.  (We do carry out occasional testing of other vendors' products -- see below --  and we have found many instances where vendors' product purities are far below their claimed levels.)  Effective April 1, 2011, our price comparison tables only include products where a purity commitment is found together with sizes and prices on at least one page of the vendor's web site.

2.  Researching and compiling sizes and prices for the >160 competitive vendors and more than 175 products is an expensive and tedious task for our small company.  Thus, we typically only perform revisions of these tables annually or less frequently.  The date and source of each competitive vendor's prices is indicated at the bottom of this page.  Obviously, we make no guarantee that competitive vendor prices will remain unchanged in the interval between our annual revisions.  We may occasionally update individual competitive vendor information and add new competitive vendors as we locate them.

3.  In some circumstances we permanently remove vendors from our price comparison tables.  Circumstances that lead to permanent removal are: 

A.  If a vendor does not honor its advertised price (ignoring small price increases) for one or more products when an order is attempted.  Example:  a vendor listed a compound at $808 for 10 grams on its website price list, but quoted $4,500 per 10 grams upon our inquiry.  That vendor has been permanently removed from our price comparison tables.

B.  If, on a product-by-product basis, our analyses of a vendor's product show purities more than a few percent below the vendor's advertised purities.  Example:  a vendor advertises a purity for 97% for a compound, but repeated elemental analyses show a minimum of 9% inorganic material present, beyond any salt counterion.  Another example: an HPLC analysis at a relevant UV detector wavelength shows 92% purity for a vendor's product for which 98% purity is claimed.  We realize of course that UV absorbances for impurities can be higher than for the main compound, but our products meet our purity commitment of typically >99% irrespective of absorbance factors for impurities, and we apply that standard to products from other vendors.

C.  Again on a product-by-product basis, if a vendor makes no purity claim for a given product, then their product is not shown on that product table.

D.  If we find that, as a pattern, several of a competitive vendor's products fail to meet their advertised purity commitments by significant margins or if a vendor does not provide standard and consistent purity claims for several of its products, then that vendor is permanently removed from all of our competitor price tables.

E.  Finally, if we determine that a vendor has provided fraudulent information on its website, in its literature or on a certificate of analysis, that vendor is permanently removed from all of our price comparison tables.

4.  IMPORTANT:  The presence of a competitive vendor entry in our price comparison tables does not necessarily mean that we have analyzed any of that vendor's products for purity; indeed, in most cases we have not.

5.  Please note:  where necessary, competitor prices are rounded to the nearest whole dollar.

To the best of our knowledge, the prices listed above for our competitors' products were correct as of the dates listed below for the sources of our annual price information update process.

Pricing Sources and Dates:  LC Labs - Current, EMD Chemicals - website - Jan 2013, Sigma-Aldrich - website - Jan 2013, Enzo Life Sciences - website - Jan 2013, Tocris Bioscience - website - Jan 2013, AG Scientific - website - Jan 2013, Axxora - website - Jan 2013, Cell Signaling - website - Jan 2013, Santa Cruz Biotech - website - Jan 2013, Cayman Chemical - website - Dec 2012, Acros Organics - website - Jan 2013, US Biological - website - Mar 2013, BioVision - website - Jan 2013, PharmBlock - website - Apr 2013, BePharm - website - May 2013, R&D Systems - website - Jan 2013, AK Scientific - website - May 2013, Cambridge BioScience - website - Oct 2012, Carbone Scientific - website - Jan 2013, Oakwood Products - website - Sep 2012, antibodies-online - website - Jan 2013, biorbyt.com - website - Jan 2013, Acesobio - website - Apr 2013, Cellagen Technology - website - Mar 2013, AdipoGen - website - Jan 2013, Abcam - website - Dec 2012, P212121 - website - Oct 2012, MedKoo BioSciences - website - Apr 2013, Ark Pharm - website - Dec 2012, AdooQ BioScience - website - Jan 2013, Krackeler Scientific - website - Jan 2013, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals - website - Sep 2012, VIVA Bioscience - website - Jan 2013, Biolog - website - Jan 2013, Focus Biomolecules - website - Dec 2012, Kinasechem - website - Apr 2013, Sapphire North America - website - Apr 2013.

^† Note:  Biolog's product A 103 is sold as 10 µmol and is approximated as the size indicated.